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<br />Origination Date 6/15/03 <br /> <br />. Be determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles <br />(GAAP) . <br />. Not be included as a cost or used to meet cost sharing or matching <br />requirements of any other federally-financed program in either the current or a <br />prior period. <br />. Be adequately documented. <br /> <br />OMS Circular A-87 Attachment A subsection C.2 thru C.4 further defines the terms: <br /> <br />Reasonable - the cost must not exceed that which would be incurred by a prudent <br />person under the circumstances prevailing at the time the decision was made to <br />incur the cost. The cost must be ordinary and necessary for the operation of the <br />organization or the performance of the award. Sound business practice, arms <br />length bargaining and compliance with state and federal laws must be followed. <br /> <br />Allocable - distrib\,jtable to a particular cost objective, such as a grant, contract, <br />project, service or other activity, in accordance with the relative benefits received. <br />Any cost allocable to a particular award or to the cost objective under these <br />principles may not be shifted to other federal awards to overcome funding <br />deficiencies, or to avoid restrictions imposed by law or by the terms of the award. <br /> <br />Applicable Credits - receipts or reductions of expenditures which operate to offset <br />or reduce expense items that are allocable to awards as direct or indirect costs. <br />Typical examples of such transactions are: purchase discounts, rebates or <br />allowances, recoveries or indemnities on losses, insurance refunds, and <br />adjustments of overpayments or erroneous charges. To the extent that such credits <br />accruing or received by the organization relate to allowable cost, they shall be <br />credited to the Federal Government either as a cost reduction or cash refund, as <br />appropriate. <br /> <br />Under any given award, the reasonableness an9 allocability of certain items of <br />costs may be difficult to determine. This is particularly true in connection with <br />organizations that receive a majority of their support from federal agencies. In <br />order to avoid subsequent disallowance or dispute based on unreasonableness or <br />nonallocability, it is often desirable to seek a written agreement with the cognizant <br />or awarding agency in advance of the incurrence of special or unusual costs. <br /> <br />Costs are allocated under two major categories defined as follows: <br /> <br />Direct Costs - are those that can be identified specifically with a particular final <br />cost objective, i.e., a particular award, project, service, or other direct activity of an <br />organization. Typical examples include: Compensation of employees for the time <br />devoted and identified specifically to the performance of the award, training, travel, <br />and specialized equipment specifically required to carry out the award. <br /> <br />Indirect Costs - are those that have been incurred for common or joint objectives <br />and cannot be readily identified with a particular final cost objective. Because of the <br /> <br />4 <br />